Di dalam kelas kita sebagai guru berhadapan dengan pelbagai ragam dan jenis pelajar. Dan bagi saya sebagai orang yang pernah, sedang dan akan menjadi pelajar semula amat penting pembelajaran yang aktif di dalam kelas. Sebab itu, walaupun guru itu dirasakan pasif dan agak bosan saya tetap bertanyakan soalan di dalam kelas untuk merangsang minat belajar walaupun dalam matapelajaran yang saya tidak minat. Rupanya aktif belajar atau bertanyakan soalan di dalam kelas amat BAGUS untuk ingatan sebenarnya. (Untuk kenyataan ini, sila ingat kembali kaedah yang anda gunakan di dalam kelas sewaktu belajar, jika anda pelajar yang suka bertanya soalan masih ingat tentang gambaran dan pelajaran di dalam kelas hingga hari ini. Jawapan saya melalui pengalaman, YA SAYA MASIH INGAT SEGALA YANG SAYA BELAJAR DAN APA YANG SAYA BELAJAR MELALUI PROSES BERTANYA / PARTISIPASI DI DALAM KELAS.
Di bawah ini, saya sertakan kajian oleh Profesor Psikologi di Universiti Illinois.
Oleh itu, jadilah pelajar yang aktif bertanya di dalam kelas, bukan aktif bising dan buat kerja lain dalam kelas.....yang penting FOKUS!
Gambar di atas menunjukkan dua perbezaan otak yang dapat dilihat dengan jelas jika kita aktif berpartisipasi di dalam kelas dan jika kita mendengar atau melihat sahaja tanpa aktif berpartisipasi di dalam suasana pengajaran dan pembelajaran.
Otak di atas menunjukkan garisan hijau yang berhubung dengan sel otak yang lain manakala gambar otak di bawah tidak berhubung dengan sel otak yang lain.
Having active control over a learning situation is very powerful and we're beginning to understand why,kata Profesor Psikologi di Universiti Illinois psychology professor Neal Cohen.
Ringkasan tentang kajian dan kaedah kajian yang dijalankan klik
The study focused on activity in several brain regions, including the hippocampus, located in the brain's medial temporal lobes, near the ears. Researchers have known for decades that the hippocampus is vital to memory, in part because those who lose hippocampal function as a result of illness or injury also lose their ability to fully form and retain new memories.
But the hippocampus doesn't act alone. Robust neural connections tie it to other important brain structures, and traffic on these data highways flows in both directions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, which track blood flow in the brain, show that the hippocampus is functionally connected to several brain networks -- distinct regions of the brain that work in tandem to accomplish critical tasks.
To better understand how these brain regions influence active versus passive learning, Voss designed an experiment that required participants to memorize an array of objects and their exact locations in a grid on a computer monitor. A gray screen with a window in it revealed only one object at a time. The "active" study subjects used a computer mouse to guide the window to view the objects.
The study focused on activity in several brain regions, including the hippocampus, located in the brain's medial temporal lobes, near the ears. Researchers have known for decades that the hippocampus is vital to memory, in part because those who lose hippocampal function as a result of illness or injury also lose their ability to fully form and retain new memories.
But the hippocampus doesn't act alone. Robust neural connections tie it to other important brain structures, and traffic on these data highways flows in both directions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, which track blood flow in the brain, show that the hippocampus is functionally connected to several brain networks -- distinct regions of the brain that work in tandem to accomplish critical tasks.
To better understand how these brain regions influence active versus passive learning, Voss designed an experiment that required participants to memorize an array of objects and their exact locations in a grid on a computer monitor. A gray screen with a window in it revealed only one object at a time. The "active" study subjects used a computer mouse to guide the window to view the objects.
"They could inspect whatever they wanted, however they wanted, in whatever order for however much time they wanted, and they were just told to memorize everything on the screen," Voss said. The "passive" learners viewed a replay of the window movements recorded in a previous trial by an active subject.
Then participants were asked to select the items they had seen and place them in their correct positions on the screen. After a trial, the active and passive subjects switched roles and repeated the task with a new array of objects.
The study found significant differences in brain activity in the active and passive learners. Those who had active control over the viewing window were significantly better than their peers at identifying the original objects and their locations, the researchers found. Further experiments, in which the passive subjects used a mouse that moved but did not control the viewing window, established that this effect was independent of the act of moving the mouse.
To identify the brain mechanisms that enhanced learning in the active subjects, the researchers repeated the trials, this time testing individuals who had amnesia -- a disease characterized by impairment in learning new information -- as a result of hippocampal damage. To the surprise of the researchers, these participants failed to benefit from actively controlling the viewing window.
Keputusan kajian :
These data suggest that the hippocampus has a role not just in the formation of new memory but possibly also in the beneficial effects of volitional control on memory," the researchers wrote.
Brain imaging (by means of fMRI) of healthy young subjects engaged in the same active and passive learning tests revealed that hippocampal activity was highest in the active subjects' brains during these tests. Several other brain structures were also more engaged when the subject controlled the viewing window, and activity in these brain regions was more synchronized with that of the hippocampus than in the passive trials.
Activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the cerebellum and the hippocampus was higher, and more highly coordinated, in participants who did well on spatial recall, the researchers found. Increased activity in the inferior parietal lobe, the parahippocampal cortex and the hippocampus corresponded to better performance on item recognition.
"Lo and behold," Cohen said, "our friend the hippocampus makes a very conspicuous appearance in active learning."
The new findings challenge previous ideas about the role of the hippocampus in learning, Voss said. It is a surprise, he said, that other brain regions that are known to be involved in planning and strategizing, for instance, "can't do very much unless they can interact with the hippocampus."
Rather than being a passive player in learning, the hippocampus "is more like an integral part of an airplane guidance system," Voss said. "You have all this velocity information, you have a destination target and every millisecond it's taking in information about where you're headed, comparing it to where you need to go, and correcting and updating it."
Otak di atas menunjukkan garisan hijau yang berhubung dengan sel otak yang lain manakala gambar otak di bawah tidak berhubung dengan sel otak yang lain.
Having active control over a learning situation is very powerful and we're beginning to understand why,kata Profesor Psikologi di Universiti Illinois psychology professor Neal Cohen.
Ringkasan tentang kajian dan kaedah kajian yang dijalankan klik
The study focused on activity in several brain regions, including the hippocampus, located in the brain's medial temporal lobes, near the ears. Researchers have known for decades that the hippocampus is vital to memory, in part because those who lose hippocampal function as a result of illness or injury also lose their ability to fully form and retain new memories.
But the hippocampus doesn't act alone. Robust neural connections tie it to other important brain structures, and traffic on these data highways flows in both directions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, which track blood flow in the brain, show that the hippocampus is functionally connected to several brain networks -- distinct regions of the brain that work in tandem to accomplish critical tasks.
To better understand how these brain regions influence active versus passive learning, Voss designed an experiment that required participants to memorize an array of objects and their exact locations in a grid on a computer monitor. A gray screen with a window in it revealed only one object at a time. The "active" study subjects used a computer mouse to guide the window to view the objects.
The study focused on activity in several brain regions, including the hippocampus, located in the brain's medial temporal lobes, near the ears. Researchers have known for decades that the hippocampus is vital to memory, in part because those who lose hippocampal function as a result of illness or injury also lose their ability to fully form and retain new memories.
But the hippocampus doesn't act alone. Robust neural connections tie it to other important brain structures, and traffic on these data highways flows in both directions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, which track blood flow in the brain, show that the hippocampus is functionally connected to several brain networks -- distinct regions of the brain that work in tandem to accomplish critical tasks.
To better understand how these brain regions influence active versus passive learning, Voss designed an experiment that required participants to memorize an array of objects and their exact locations in a grid on a computer monitor. A gray screen with a window in it revealed only one object at a time. The "active" study subjects used a computer mouse to guide the window to view the objects.
"They could inspect whatever they wanted, however they wanted, in whatever order for however much time they wanted, and they were just told to memorize everything on the screen," Voss said. The "passive" learners viewed a replay of the window movements recorded in a previous trial by an active subject.
Then participants were asked to select the items they had seen and place them in their correct positions on the screen. After a trial, the active and passive subjects switched roles and repeated the task with a new array of objects.
The study found significant differences in brain activity in the active and passive learners. Those who had active control over the viewing window were significantly better than their peers at identifying the original objects and their locations, the researchers found. Further experiments, in which the passive subjects used a mouse that moved but did not control the viewing window, established that this effect was independent of the act of moving the mouse.
To identify the brain mechanisms that enhanced learning in the active subjects, the researchers repeated the trials, this time testing individuals who had amnesia -- a disease characterized by impairment in learning new information -- as a result of hippocampal damage. To the surprise of the researchers, these participants failed to benefit from actively controlling the viewing window.
Keputusan kajian :
These data suggest that the hippocampus has a role not just in the formation of new memory but possibly also in the beneficial effects of volitional control on memory," the researchers wrote.
Brain imaging (by means of fMRI) of healthy young subjects engaged in the same active and passive learning tests revealed that hippocampal activity was highest in the active subjects' brains during these tests. Several other brain structures were also more engaged when the subject controlled the viewing window, and activity in these brain regions was more synchronized with that of the hippocampus than in the passive trials.
Activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the cerebellum and the hippocampus was higher, and more highly coordinated, in participants who did well on spatial recall, the researchers found. Increased activity in the inferior parietal lobe, the parahippocampal cortex and the hippocampus corresponded to better performance on item recognition.
"Lo and behold," Cohen said, "our friend the hippocampus makes a very conspicuous appearance in active learning."
The new findings challenge previous ideas about the role of the hippocampus in learning, Voss said. It is a surprise, he said, that other brain regions that are known to be involved in planning and strategizing, for instance, "can't do very much unless they can interact with the hippocampus."
Rather than being a passive player in learning, the hippocampus "is more like an integral part of an airplane guidance system," Voss said. "You have all this velocity information, you have a destination target and every millisecond it's taking in information about where you're headed, comparing it to where you need to go, and correcting and updating it."
No comments:
Post a Comment